- Epidermal electronic system is an ultra thin device that attaches to the skinlike a stik on tattoo, it can measure electrical activity of heart,brain waves etc.
- IBM researchers unveiled an experimental computer chip that emulated the way the human brain processes information. IBM created the basic design of the first neurosynaptic computing chip that recreated the phenomena between spiking neurons and synapses in a biological system, such as the brain. Using digital silicon circuits inspired by neurobiology, the cognitive chips contain no biological elements. The first two prototype chips are now undergoing testing, called ‘core'.
- A cordless telephone or portable telephone is a telephone with a wireless handset that communicates via radio waves with a base stationconnected to a fixed telephone line, usually within a limited range of its base station (which has the handset cradle). Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (Digital European Cordless Telecommunications), usually known by the acronymDECT, is a digital communication standard, which is primarily used for creating cordless phone systems. It originated in Europe, where it is the universal standard, replacing earlier cordless phone standards, such as 900 MHz CT1 and CT2. latest in series is DECT 6.0. frequency not matter as they only communicate between base and phone. Cordless is less secure as radio frequency is spread over a wide area.
- WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a telecommunications protocol that provides fixed and mobile Internet access. The current WiMAX revision provides up to 40 Mbit/s with the IEEE 802.16m update expected to offer up to 1 Gbit/s fixed speeds. ( Wi-Fi, which refers to interoperable implementations of the IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN standard). WiMAX support IPTV, DSL etc.
- WiBro (Wireless Broadband) is a wireless broadband Internet technology developed by the South Korean telecoms industry. WiBro is the South Korean service name for IEEE 802.16e (mobile WiMAX) international standard.
- Yota Egg (also called Interbro iWWR-1000R]) — an autonomous mobile gateway between WiMax and WiFi wireless networks.Yota Egg is a battery powered mobile WiFi access point, that connects to the IEEE 802.16e wireless networks (Mobile WiMax), designed to provide Internet access to the devices without a WiMax adapter. With it any 802.11b/g WiFi-enabled device (laptops, communicators, players, camcorders, game consoles and so on) can connect to the WiMax network, regardless of hardware and software. Multiple devices or computers can be connected to the Internet thru one gateway, sharing a common sub-network between them.
- The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based global navigation satellite system (GNSS) that provides location and time information in all weather, anywhere on or near the Earth, where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. Before it we used LORAN(LOng RAnge Navigation) is a terrestrial radio navigation system using low frequency radio transmitters in multiple deployment (multilateration) to determine the location and speed of the receiver. Other navigation system was The Decca Navigator System was a hyperbolic low frequency radio navigation system (also known as multilateration) that was first deployed during World War II when the Allied forces needed a system which could be used to achieve accurate landings. As was the case with Loran, its primary use was for ship navigation in coastal waters.
It is maintained by the United States government and is freely accessible by anyone with a GPS receiver with some technical limitations which are only removed for military users. The GPS project was developed in 1973 to overcome the limitations of previous navigation systems, integrating ideas from several predecessors, including a number of classified engineering design studies from the 1960s. GPS was created and realized by the U.S. Department of Defense(USDOD) and was originally run with 24 satellites. It became fully operational in 1994.As of 2010, the United States NAVSTAR Global Positioning System (GPS) is the only fully operational GNSS. The Russian GLObal NAvigation Satellite System (GLONASS) was in use by only the Russian military, until it was made fully available to civilians in 2007. The People's Republic of China is in the process of expanding its regional Beidou navigation system into the global Compass navigation system by 2020.and the European Union's Galileo positioning system. DORIS i.e. Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite (DORIS) is a French satellite system used for the determination of satellite orbits and for positioning.The Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS), is a proposed three-satellite regional time transfer system and Satellite Based Augmentation System for the Global Positioning System, that would be receivable within Japan. The first satellite 'Michibiki' was launched on 11 September 2010. Full operational status is expected by 2013.
The Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System (IRNSS) is an autonomous regional satellite navigation system being developed by Indian Space Research Organisation which would be under total control of Indian government. The requirement of such a navigation system is driven by the fact that access to Global Navigation Satellite Systems, GPS, is not guaranteed in hostile situations. It is unclear if recent agreements with the Russian government to restore their GLONASS system will supersede the IRNSS project or feed additional technical support to enable its completion. The GPS Aided Geo Augmented Navigation or GPS and Geo Augmented Navigation system (GAGAN) is a planned implementation of a regional Satellite Based Augmentation System (SBAS) by the Indian government. It is a system to improve the accuracy of a GNSS receiver by providing reference signals. GSAT- 4 and GSAT- 8 launched to support it.
A GPS receiver calculates its position by precisely timing the signals sent by GPS satellites high above the Earth. The receiver uses the messages it receives to determine the transit time of each message and computes the distance to each satellite. These distances along with the satellites' locations are used with the possible aid of trilateration, depending on which algorithm is used, to compute the position of the receiver. This position is then displayed, perhaps with a moving map display or latitude and longitude; elevation information may be included. Many GPS units show derived information such as direction and speed, calculated from position changes. Three satellites might seem enough to solve for position since space has three dimensions and a position near the Earth's surface can be assumed. However, even a very small clock error multiplied by the very large speed of light— the speed at which satellite signals propagate — results in a large positional error. Therefore receivers use four or more satellites to solve for the receiver's location and time. Although four satellites are required for normal operation, fewer apply in special cases. If one variable is already known, a receiver can determine its position using only three satellites. For example, a ship or aircraft may have known elevation. Some GPS receivers may use additional clues or assumptions (such as reusing the last known altitude, dead reckoning,inertial navigation, or including information from the vehicle computer) to give a less accurate (degraded) position when fewer than four satellites are visible.In navigation, dead reckoning is the process of calculating one's current position by using a previously determined position, or fix, and advancing that position based upon known or estimated speeds over elapsed time, and course.
Check http://www.isro.org/satellites/geostationary.aspx and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_space_exploration_milestones,_1957%E2%80%931969
- Wi-Fi stands for wireless fidelity( faithfulness), resembling the long-established audio-equipment classification term high fidelity (in use since the 1930s]) or Hi-Fi (used since 1950). . The Wi-Fi Alliance enforces the use of the Wi-Fi brand to technologies based on the IEEE 802.11 standards from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. The current version of Wi-Fi Protected Access encryption (WPA2) as of 2010 is widely considered secure, provided users employ a strongpassphrase. New protocols for quality-of-service (WMM) make Wi-Fi more suitable for latency-sensitive applications (such as voice and video); and power saving mechanisms (WMM Power Save) improve battery operation. It use 2.4 GHz band.
Piggybacking refers to access to a wireless Internet connection by bringing one's own computer within the range of another's wireless connection, and using that service without the subscriber's explicit permission or knowledge.
Super Wi-Fi is a term coined by the United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to describe a wireless networking proposal which the FCC plans to use for the creation of longer-distance wireless internet connections. Instead of using the 2.4GHz radio frequency of regular Wi-Fi, the 'Super Wi-Fi' proposal uses the lower-frequency white spaces(In telecommunications, white spaces refer to frequencies allocated to a broadcasting service but not used locally.) between television channel frequencies. These lower frequencies allow the signal to travel further and penetrate walls better than the higher frequencies previously used.
- Bluetooth is a standard wire-replacement communications protocol primarily designed for low power consumption, with a short range.A master Bluetooth device can communicate with a maximum of seven devices in a piconet (an ad-hoc computer network using Bluetooth technology), though not all devices support this limit. The devices can switch roles, by agreement, and the slave can become the master. Bluetooth is a proprietary open wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances (using short wavelength radio transmissions in the globally unlicensed Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) band from 2400-2480 MHz) from fixed and mobile devices, creating personal area networks(PANs) with high levels of security. Created by telecoms vendor Ericsson in 1994, it was originally conceived as a wireless alternative to RS-232 data cables. It can connect several devices, overcoming problems of synchronization. Bluetooth is managed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG). To be marketed as a Bluetooth device, it must be qualified to standards defined by the SIG.
The word Bluetooth is an anglicised version of the Scandinavian Blåtand/Blåtann, the epithet of the tenth-century king Harald I of Denmark and parts of Norway who united dissonant Danish tribes into a single kingdom. The implication is that Bluetooth does the same with communications protocols, uniting them into one universal standard.The Bluetooth logo is a bind rune merging the Younger Futhark runes(Hagall) (ᚼ) and
(Bjarkan) (ᛒ), Harald's initials.
Bluetooth vs. Wi-Fi IEEE 802.11 in networking
Bluetooth and Wi-Fi have many applications: setting up networks, printing, or transferring files.Wi-Fi is intended for resident equipment and its applications. The category of applications is outlined as WLAN, the wireless local area networks. Wi-Fi is intended as a replacement for cabling for general local area network access in work areas.Bluetooth was intended for non-resident equipment and its applications. The category of applications is outlined as the wireless personal area network (WPAN). Bluetooth is a replacement for cabling in a variety of personally carried applications in any setting and can also support fixed location applications such as smart energy functionality in the home (thermostats, etc.).Wi-Fi is a wireless version of a traditional Ethernet network, and requires configuration to set up shared resources, transmit files, and to set up audio links (for example, headsets and hands-free devices). Wi-Fi uses the same radio frequencies as Bluetooth, but with higher power, resulting in a faster connection and better range from the base station.
- Wireless telecommunications, is the transfer of information between two or more points that are physically not connected. Distances can be short, as a few meters as in television remote control; or long ranging from thousands to millions of kilometers for deep-space radio communications. The world's first wireless telephone conversation occurred in 1880, when Alexander Graham Bell and Charles Sumner Tainter invented and patented the photophone, a telephone that conducted audio conversations wirelessly over modulated light beams (which are narrow projections of electromagnetic waves).eg: Airband and radio navigation equipment used by aviators and air traffic control, Global Positioning System , Cordless computer peripherals, Cordless telephone, Satellite television etc.
Applications may involve point-to-point communication, point-to-multipoint communication, broadcasting, cellular networks and other wireless networks. Wireless communications can be via:- radio frequency communication,
- microwave communication, for example long-range line-of-sight via highly directional antennas, or short-range communication,
- infrared (IR) short-range communication, for example from consumer IR devices such as remote controls or via Infrared Data Association (IrDA).
